Beta-glucans are polysaccharides that occur naturally in the cell walls of many organisms, including fungi, algae, and some plants. Scientific research has shown that they have a significant impact on the immune system, primarily due to their immunomodulatory properties. In this article, we will describe the beneficial benefits of beta-glucans and their presence in medicinal mushrooms such as tularemia, cordyceps, scutellaria baicalensis, ganoderma, and chaga, and highlight the potential of their combination to strengthen the immune system and overall well-being.

What are beta-glucans?

Beta-glucans are a type of dietary fiber found in the cell walls of yeasts, fungi, bacteria, and plants such as oats and barley. The structure of beta-glucans is important for their biological activity; the most important are (1,3) and (1,6)-beta-D-glucans, which occur in fungi. These compounds act as modulators of the immune system and are the focus of much research due to their ability to activate macrophages, natural killer cells (NK cells), dendritic cells, and neutrophils. This allows the body to respond more quickly and effectively to infections and other pathogens (Chen & Seviour, 2007).

Beta-glucans not only improve resistance to infections, but also reduce inflammation and have anti-tumor effects. Scientific studies have shown that beta-glucans can improve the condition of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and even cancer (Vetvicka et al., 2019).

Medicinal mushrooms as a source of beta-glucans

1. Hericium erinaceus (Hericium erinaceus)
   The fringed beard, also known as lion’s mane, contains beta-glucans and other bioactive compounds that have been linked to neuroprotective effects. Studies have shown that this mushroom can stimulate the synthesis of nerve growth factors, which are essential for the regeneration of neurons. A 2019 study found that fringed beard extract may help improve cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment (Saitsu et al., 2019). Additionally, the beta-glucans in this mushroom have been linked to improving digestion and strengthening the immune system.
2. Cordyceps (Cordyceps sinensis)
   Cordyceps is a mushroom traditionally used in Chinese medicine to improve vitality and resistance. It contains beta-glucans, which are known for their adaptogenic properties. Scientific research has shown that cordyceps has positive effects on endurance, lung function and strengthening the immune system (Tuli et al., 2014). In addition, cordyceps can improve blood oxygenation, which contributes to better endurance and faster recovery from exertion.
3. Trametes versicolor (Trametes versicolor)
   The scutellaria baicalensis is one of the most studied medicinal mushrooms due to the presence of polysaccharides such as PSK (polysaccharide-K) and PSP (polysaccharide-peptide). Both compounds have strong immunomodulatory properties and are often used as adjuncts in cancer treatment. Animal and human studies have shown that PSK inhibits the growth of cancer cells and improves the effectiveness of chemotherapy (Ooi & Liu, 2000). The scutellaria baicalensis contains a high concentration of beta-glucans, which stimulate the immune response and help fight infections.
4. Ganoderma (Ganoderma lucidum)
   Ganoderma lucidum, also known as reishi or luminous mushroom, is one of the most highly regarded medicinal mushrooms. It contains beta-glucans, triterpenes, and other bioactive compounds that have potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. A 2011 study found that ganoderma has the ability to reduce blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and enhance immune response (Wachtel-Galor et al., 2011). Ganoderma is also known for its anti-stress effects and is often used to improve sleep quality and reduce anxiety.
5. Chaga (Inonotus obliquus)
   Chaga is a mushroom that grows primarily on birch trees and has a long tradition of use in folk medicine, especially in Siberia. Its beta-glucans and melanins are associated with strong anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. Studies show that chaga can reduce oxidative stress and support the immune system (Shashkina et al., 2006). It is also used to improve digestion and as an adaptogen, helping the body cope with stress.

Synergistic effects of the combination of mushrooms

Research shows that combining different medicinal mushrooms enhances their health effects. Synergy between different types of beta-glucans from mushrooms such as fringed beard, cordyceps, variegated plantain, ganoderma and chaga can greatly enhance the body's immune response. In a study conducted by Vetvicka et al. (2019), it was found that combining beta-glucans from different sources causes a synergistic effect, which further activates macrophages and increases the effectiveness of fighting infections and cancer cells.

Conclusion

Beta-glucans in medicinal mushrooms such as tularemia, cordyceps, scutellaria baicalensis, ganoderma lucidum, and chaga are an important source of natural immune support. Their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties have been the subject of numerous scientific studies. The synergistic effects of combining these mushrooms may provide additional health benefits and improve resistance to infections, chronic diseases, and other pathogens. Including these mushrooms in your diet or as a dietary supplement can be an effective way to strengthen your immune system and maintain overall health.

Text edited by:

Only Natek

Resources:

1. Chen, J., & Seviour, R. (2007). Medicinal importance of fungal beta-(1→3), (1→6)-glucans. Mycological Research, 111(6), 635-652.
2. Ooi, VEC, & Liu, F. (2000). Immunomodulation and anticancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. Cancer Letters, 156(1), 17-25.
3. Shashkina, MY, Sergeev, AV, Zvyagintseva, TN (2006). Chaga medicinal mushroom, Inonotus obliquus (Pers.) Pilát (Aphyllophoromycetideae): Current research and future prospects. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 8(3), 277-284.
4. Saitsu, Y., Takahashi, S., Itakura, Y., Ishida, T. (2019). Effects of Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane Mushroom) on cognitive function improvement in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Medicinal Food, 22(8), 760-770.
5. Tuli, HS, Sandhu, SS, & Sharma, AK (2014). Pharmacological and therapeutic potential of Cordyceps with special reference to Cordycepin. 3 Biotech, 4(1), 1-12.
6. Vetvicka, V., Richter, J., Svozil, V., Dvorak, B. (2019). Synergistic effects of glucan, resveratrol and vitamin